NOLAN AND THE WHOLE WORLD SHALL KNOW ABOUT THE STUPIDITY OF OFFENDING ELLAS CULTURE AND HISTORY.. AND OLIVER STONE OFCOURSE ABOUT THE SHIT HE SPREAD OUT ABOUT GREAT ALEXANDER.. AND THEY DID THIS JUST FOR THE ''WOKE'' AND FOR THE MONEY OF TREASON, THEY SHALL RECALL ONE DAY QUITE SOON ABOUT THEIR CRIMINAL NONSENSE

 HOMER'S ILIAD AND ODYSSEY: THE OVERALL TRUTH OF A REALITY THAT REFUTES THE UNLEARNED AND HASTY SPEAKERS WHO WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON AUDACITY AND IGNORANCE SAY THAT ALL THESE ARE MYTHS AND FAIRY TALES

''AS FROM THE ELLINES WE BENEFIT IN WORDS''-SAINT BASIL THE GREAT

Odysseus

Homer

The Historicity of the Iliad and the Odyssey: An Unshakable Scientific Documentation

The historicity of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, as well as its deep, organic connection with Odysseus, is documented absolutely and without the slightest gap through the entirety of the archaeological, geographical, historical, and literary evidence that has been discovered, studied, and interpreted worldwide up to the present day.

The systematic excavations at Hisarlik, the ancient Troy, which began by Heinrich Schliemann in the period 1870-1890 and were continued by Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, Manfred Korfmann, and subsequent international missions, brought to light nine successive layers of settlements. Particular importance is given to the layers of Troy VI (1700-1300 B.C.), with their imposing fortification walls, the extensive lower town of approximately 75 acres, the traces of horses, and the rich pottery, as well as Troy VIIa, which bears the indisputable signs of violent destruction by fire around 1180-1190 B.C., with arrows, sling bullets, non-funerary bones, and storage spaces. These findings correspond with absolute accuracy to the vivid Homeric descriptions of the well-fortified city near Mount Ida, between the rivers Scamander and Simoeis, with the characteristic winds and the spacious plain. Geological studies have fully confirmed the topographical accuracy, while the Hittite clay tablets from Hattusa, which mention Wilusa or Taruisa, the Ahhiyawa, Alaksandu of Wilusa, Piyamaradu, the famous Tawagalawa Letter (around 1250 B.C.), and later references to conflicts with sons of Attaršiya and Lycians (Luqqa), clearly document the political tensions and the real conflicts in the region. The scientific syntheses and analyses of Eric H. Cline, Trevor R. Bryce, Joachim Latacz, Susan Sherratt, and a multitude of other researchers gather and highlight with completeness all these valuable data.

In mainland Greece, Heinrich Schliemann in Mycenae in 1876 excavated the Grave Circles A and B, revealing 19 skeletons of lordly warriors and five golden funerary masks, among which the famous NM 624, known as the “Mask of Agamemnon” from Tomb V of Circle A. This mask, made with the repoussé technique, presents an impressive beard, mustache, and detailed face, as well as breastplates, weapons, vessels, wreaths, and rings, with a total weight of gold reaching approximately 15 kilograms. These findings illuminate with brilliance the grandeur of the kingdom of Agamemnon, which included Mycenae, Corinth, Cleonae, Orneae, Araithyrea, Sicyon, Hyperesia, Gonoessa, Pellene, Aegion, and Helice, and with a fleet of about 100 ships.

Menelaus is inextricably linked with Sparta and the cities Pharis, Messe, Bryseiae, Augeiae, Amyclae, Helos, Laas, and Oitylos, where Mycenaean palaces, walls, and funerary findings confirm the existence and the glory of his kingdom.

Similar findings in Argos of Diomedes and in Crete of Idomeneus complete the broader framework.

For Ajax of Salamis, Mycenaean tombs, fortifications, and pottery document the strong city-state.

In Phthia of Thessaly of Achilles, modern excavations revealed Mycenaean tombs, settlements, and war findings that confirm the martial tradition of the area.

In Pylos of Nestor, with its 90 ships and the cities Pylos, Arene, Thryon, Aipy, Cyparisseis, Amphigeneia, Pteleon, Helos, and Dorion, Carl Blegen and later researchers brought to light the imposing palace with Linear B tablets, war objects, ivory, and magnificent structures.

The Linear B tablets, which were deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1952 with the contribution of John Chadwick, coming from Pylos, Knossos, Mycenae, Thebes, Tiryns, Chania, Agios Vasileios, and Midea, record with accuracy the institution of the wanax (lord-king), the heqetai (companions and warriors), the administrative organization, the economy, the bovine wealth, the weapons and the breastplates, while they include names such as a-ki-re-u (Achilles).

Additional findings, such as bronze breastplates, weapons, and extensive trade networks, fully cover all the kingdoms of the Homeric Catalogue of Ships of the Greeks who participated in the Trojan War.

The studies of Spyridon Iakovides, Elizabeth French, Cynthia Shelmerdine, James Wright, and many other researchers verify both the historical and indisputable fact of the Trojan War.

In Ithaca, the excavations in the Cave of the Bay of Polis yielded 13 bronze tripods, a votive mask with the inscription “EUCHEN ODYSSEI,” as well as inscriptions ODYCCEI and ODYCCEOC. At the Odysseion or “School of Homer” in Exogi, under the direction of the University of Ioannina (Giannοs Lolos, Christina Marabea), an impressive Hellenistic complex was revealed with a miniature bronze bust of Odysseus with a pilos and beard, dozens of votive offerings, hundreds of coins from the 3rd century B.C. to the 2nd century A.D. from many cities, seals, and inscriptions that prove the continuous and long-lasting heroic cult. Coins from Ithaca, Krani, and Ios depict Odysseus with a pilos, bow, or rooster, as well as Homer.

The ancient traditions, such as those preserved in the Suda, in the Contest between Homer and Hesiod, and in the “oracle of Hadrian,” mention Homer as the son of Telemachus and grandson of Odysseus through Polycaste, daughter of Nestor, explaining the exceptional detail and authenticity of his knowledge about Ithaca and the events. The dating of the composition of the epics around 762 B.C. (±50 years), according to linguistic and mathematical analyses, further strengthens the coherence of the tradition. Additional findings, such as Mycenaean weapons, breastplates, traces of destructive wars around 1200-1185 B.C., and very extensive trade networks, complete the unshakable record.

The Palace:

Particular emphasis is given to the Palace of Odysseus. In North Ithaca, at Agios Athanasios, excavations revealed an impressive Mycenaean Palace of the 14th-13th century B.C. with Cyclopean walls, storerooms, and a fountain, while inscriptions such as “[OD]YCCEOC” confirm the existence of a Palace in the name of Odysseus.

The excavations in the area considered to be the Palace of the epic hero are to be continued. The site constitutes a large Mycenaean palatial complex of two levels, with a staircase carved into the rock, a perimeter wall, a large circular construction, storerooms, workshops, an advanced drainage system, pottery fragments, and a well of the 8th century B.C. The palace is dated around 1300 B.C. and its location matches perfectly with the Homeric description. Its layout is similar to that of the palaces of Mycenae and Pylos.

The Tomb:

In neighboring Cephalonia, the magnificent tholos tomb at Tzannata testifies to the burial of a very powerful ruler. It was excavated in the period 1992-1994 by the archaeologist Lazaros Kolonas at Tzannata, near Poros of Cephalonia. It is the most important monument of the Mycenaean period in the entire Ionian region, which, due to its magnificence, has at times been connected by certain researchers with a royal burial of the Homeric era. The tomb is dated between 1400 and 1200 B.C., coinciding chronologically with the era of the Trojan War, and proves that a very powerful administrative center of the Mycenaean period flourished in the area.

From the tomb came to light rich royal grave goods, golden jewelry, and objects. The most famous find is a tiny golden seal stone in the shape of an elliptical bead, which depicts a beast, such as a lion or a hunting dog, devouring a deer or a bull. This discovery was considered particularly significant, as many connected it with the elaborate golden brooch that Homer describes in the Odyssey. At the same time, golden beads, necklaces, earrings, as well as thin sheets of gold that were sewn onto the luxurious garments of the deceased king were found.

The status of the deceased as king is sealed also by the presence of bronze weapons, such as swords, daggers, and spearheads. Furthermore, the excavation yielded seals made of semi-precious stones, such as sard and agate, which functioned as personal signatures for the commercial and administrative acts of the palace. Among the rarest objects is a glass imitation of the horn of an elk, a type of deer. The picture of the findings is completed by a large clay krater that was used for the preparation of wine (mixing of wine and water), as well as bone remains from more than one burial, since tholos tombs were often used for entire royal families.

The places of Odysseus’s journey correspond to real geographical and cultural regions: the land of the Cyclopes with areas of Sicily or Italy (large caves and shepherds), the Laestrygonians with northern coasts of Italy or Sicily (dangerous harbors and attacks), the Sirens with islands near Sirentuza and Campania (headlands, dangerous currents, and cult findings), Scylla and Charybdis with the strait of Messina (strong currents and narrow passage), the island of Aeaea of Circe with areas of Italy (Circei), the Phaeacians with Corfu (nautical civilization, harbors, and royal palaces), and the Lotus-eaters with northern coasts of Africa (Tunisia/Libya). Ancient writers such as Polybius and Strabo mapped these places, while modern research (Robert Bittlestone, James Diggle, John Underhill) uses geosciences for complete identification. Papyri from Olympia (3rd century A.D., with 13 verses of the Odyssey, Rhapsody 14) and Oxyrhynchus strengthen the literary tradition.

All the researchers who have contributed up to today —Heinrich Schliemann, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, Manfred Korfmann, Frank Calvert, Eric H. Cline, Trevor R. Bryce, Joachim Latacz, Susan Sherratt, Michael Ventris, John Chadwick, Spyridon Iakovides, Elizabeth French, Cynthia Shelmerdine, James Wright, James Diggle, John Underhill, Robert Bittlestone, Giannos Lolos, Christina Marabea, Thanasis Papadopoulos, and a multitude of geologists, Hittitologists, classical philologists, and interdisciplinary teams— provide the full, exhaustive, and indisputable documentation of the reality of the epics, of all the places and events, of the kingdoms and rulers (Agamemnon, Menelaus, Achilles, Ajax, Nestor, Odysseus, and all the rest), as well as of the direct relationship and connection between Homer and Odysseus.

In this way, the ancient epic tradition emerges as historical reality, illuminating with unparalleled brilliance and eternity the truest and most historical Epic of the Trojan War, of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey!

The Palace

The Tomb